Emergence of GI.6 Outbreaks in a High School in Fangshan District, Beijing, China
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
106-110
Received:
24 June 2018
Accepted:
7 July 2018
Published:
30 July 2018
Abstract: [Background] An outbreak of gastroenteritis happened in a high school in Fangshan District, Beijing, China in March 2016，in which 44 students developed the symptoms of vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Epidemiological investigation, laboratory investigation and Statistical analysis were conducted to identify the agent and source of this outbreak.[Methods] A case–control study was performed to discover the factors associated with this infection. Questionnaires and clinical data from those infection-exposed people were assessed. Here an outbreak case was defined as a student who developed at least three following symptoms: diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain and nausea in 72 hours after the lunch on 2nd March., and controls were those who study or work in the school but did not have lunch on the day. Samples (Stool samples, rectal swabs and vomit samples) from infection-exposed students and controls, as well as environmental samples like food were collected to test for the existence of any suspicious bacteria or viruses. Detection of norovirus wasdone by real-time TaqMan RT-PCR and sequence analysis. Chi-square test was used to decide whether those differences could be of any statistical significance. [Results] The total number of respondents with complete data was 44. An epidemiological data combined with the epidemic curve indicated that the outbreak started initially from a point source type, and was followed by a secondary transmission. Five stool samples, three rectal swabs and one vomit sample from case group turned out to be positive for norovirus genotype I by real-time PCR, and two asymptomatic food handlers in control group were positive for NoV GI. Sequence analysis of GI positive sample confirmed that the norovirus GI.6 variant was the etiological agent of the outbreak. Comparasion between the tested results from samples of those students who had lunch in school canteen and those who did notindicates that the difference of incidence was of statistical significance (P<0.01, 95% CI:4.22-324.41). Food and environmental samples were tested to be bacteria-negative. [Conclusions] Our result suggested that the etiological agent of the outbreak was norvirus GI.6, which leads to gastroenteritis. We identified that asymptomatic infected food handlers were most likely to be the source of the outbreak. Therefore，hand hygiene practices strict adherence to regulations and access to hand washing facilities should be strengthened.
Abstract: [Background] An outbreak of gastroenteritis happened in a high school in Fangshan District, Beijing, China in March 2016，in which 44 students developed the symptoms of vomiting, nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Epidemiological investigation, laboratory investigation and Statistical analysis were conducted to identify the agent and source of thi...
Show More
International Health Development Assistance of BRICS Countries
Gui Cao,
Feng Xu,
Shitang Xie,
Fan Huang
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
111-115
Received:
19 July 2018
Accepted:
10 August 2018
Published:
17 September 2018
Abstract: With the rapid growth of economy and social development among BRICS countries, the role of international health development assistance in state capacity building is becoming more and more significant. This paper described the management system, scale, recipient countries, mechanisms and characteristics of international health assistance among BRICS countries. Aims: Learn about health development assistance of BRICS countries by analyzing its amount, distribution, main characteristics and management system in order to improve the international health development assistance related to BRICS countries. Methods: Data analysis of health development assistance of BRICS countries by using data from 2005 to 2010 of AidData and literature review were the main methods used in this paper. Results: a) from the total amount of international health assistance from 2005 to 2010, China’s total amount of international health assistance ranked first among BRICS countries (excluding 2008), and peaked in 2010, while India and South Africa was slightly higher than the amount of international health assistance in Brazil; b) China's international health development assistance was mainly distributed in 9 countries in Africa; India's was mainly distributed in 16 countries of South Asia and Africa; Brazil’s in around 45 countries depending on language and cultural factors; almost all South Africa’s aid flowed to African countries; c) Brazil’s international health development assistance mainly through technical assistance and its own experience; Russia prefer multilateral financial assistance and cooperation; India conducted technology-based health development assistance to neighboring African countries; China developed a variety of forms of international health assistance; South Africa's international health assistance was mainly carried out through tripartite partnerships; d) the BRICS countries trends to establish unified management agency. Conclusions: a) it is necessary to set up a unified international assistance management agency; b) each BRICS country should use its own comparative advantages and development experience to carry out international health assistance; c) international health assistance data should be more transparent and open.
Abstract: With the rapid growth of economy and social development among BRICS countries, the role of international health development assistance in state capacity building is becoming more and more significant. This paper described the management system, scale, recipient countries, mechanisms and characteristics of international health assistance among BRICS...
Show More
The Level and Meaning of IL-18 and Other Factors in Peripheral Blood of Patients with OSAHS Under ERAS Management
Issue:
Volume 6, Issue 4, July 2018
Pages:
116-119
Received:
16 September 2018
Published:
18 September 2018
Abstract: Discus the management of Enhanced recovery after surgery，levels and clinical meaning of interleukin IL-18 and IL-6 in peripheral blood of patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). By ELISA to detect the levels of IL-18 and IL-6 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) supernatants of OSAHS patients and healthy controls and check the changes in serum IL-18 and IL-6 levels in OSAHS patients before and after Han uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (H-UPPP) treatment. The levels of IL-18 and IL-6 in serum and PBMCs supernatant of OSAHS patients were higher than those of the matched group (P <0.05). The levels of serum IL-18 and IL-6 increased with the severity of OSAHS, and the levels of IL-18 and IL-6 in serum and PBMCs supernatants were positively correlated (P <0.05). After 2 months of H-UPPP, the serum levels of IL-18, IL-6 and the index of respiratory disturbance were significantly lower than before the treatment (P <0. 05). The sleep quality and nocturnal hypoxia were significantly improved, and the lowest oxygen saturation was significantly higher than before the treatment (P <0.05). IL-18 and IL-6 may play an important role in the pathogenesis and prognosis of OSAHS.
Abstract: Discus the management of Enhanced recovery after surgery，levels and clinical meaning of interleukin IL-18 and IL-6 in peripheral blood of patients with sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS). By ELISA to detect the levels of IL-18 and IL-6 in serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) supernatants of OSAHS patients and healthy controls and...
Show More
