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A Needed Uniform Criteria for Defining Childhood Sexual Abuse
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
1-4
Received:
25 August 2018
Accepted:
26 December 2018
Published:
21 January 2019
Abstract: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has serious public health consequences and implications. Variables such as gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, and other socioeconomic factors in relation to CSA could be better understood. However, a consistent definition of CSA among research, governmental, and regional sectors in the United States does not exist. Differences in the operationalization of CSA have contributed to the fluctuation of prevalence and incidence rates. The literature varies with respect to age requirements for CSA and types of sexual behaviors. The Department of Justice lacks a detailed definition of CSA, and the definition also differs from state to state. At times different types of child abuse are aggregated, or lacks differentiation from child maltreatment, molestation, or other types of abuse. This report is a call to action to standardize the definition of CSA at the local, state, and federal levels. A definition is needed that is inclusive of different subsets of CSA, given that more aggressive abusive episodes can elicit more adverse outcomes. Without consistency and uniformity in how CSA and subtypes of CSA are defined, discrepancies in occurrences, research outcomes, and preventative and interventional efforts could hinder the progress made in this field of study.
Abstract: Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) has serious public health consequences and implications. Variables such as gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, race, and other socioeconomic factors in relation to CSA could be better understood. However, a consistent definition of CSA among research, governmental, and regional sectors in the United States does not e...
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Expressions of FHIT, BCRP and Bcl-2 Proteins in Breast Invasive Ductal Carcinoma
Mengyu Li,
Haiyan Wang,
Haixia Zhao,
Rui Zhang,
Wenjing Du
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
5-9
Received:
17 January 2019
Published:
1 February 2019
Abstract: Objective: To explore the expressions of FHIT (Human fragile histidine triad), BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) and Bcl-2 proteins in breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and its relationship with clinical pathological factors. Methods: The expressions of FHIT, BCRP and Bcl-2 proteins in 84 cases of intraoperative resection of primary breast IDC and 36 cases of normal breast tissue about 3 cm away from the neoplastci foci were detected with the method of immunohistochemical streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) to analyze the relationship between the three proteins and the pathological features of breast IDC. Results: The positive expression rates of FHIT, of BCRP and Bcl-2 were 42.86%, 72.62% and 61.90% respectively in the breast IDC group and 72.22%, 36.11% and 38.89 % respectively in the normal breast tissue control group, between which the differences were statistically significant (P <0.05). In the IDC group, the expression of the three proteins was related to the lymph nodes metastasis and tumor recurrence of breast IDC, but was not significantly correlated with the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and proto-oncogene human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (Her-2). The expression of FHIT was negatively correlated with the expression of and Bcl-2 (r = -0.322, -0.389), but BCRP and Bcl-2 expression were positively correlated (r = 0.276). Conclusion: The abnormal expressions of FHIT, BCRP and Bcl-2 proteins in breast IDC may play an important role in its onset and development.
Abstract: Objective: To explore the expressions of FHIT (Human fragile histidine triad), BCRP (breast cancer resistance protein) and Bcl-2 proteins in breast invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and its relationship with clinical pathological factors. Methods: The expressions of FHIT, BCRP and Bcl-2 proteins in 84 cases of intraoperative resection of primary brea...
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Model and Non-Model Mothers Are Similar Over Significant Aspects of Maternal-Child Health Behaviors in Rural Contexts of Central Ethiopia: Diffusing Healthy Behaviors
Yohannes Kebede,
Gemechis Etana,
Eshetu Girma
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
10-24
Received:
17 January 2019
Accepted:
16 February 2019
Published:
11 March 2019
Abstract: Background: Health Extension Program (HEP) was launched-innovative community health service since 2002 in Ethiopia. Since then, families were graduated as models for the HEP. Maternal and child Health (MCH) was one of the major packages in HEP. This study intended to compare model and non-model families (MFs and NMFs) on MCH behaviors. Method: Correlational study was conducted between mothers' model status and MCH service use in Sebeta Hawas district, Oromia special zone surrounding Finfine. A total of 305 samples were involved in the study from both MFs and NMFs. We applied simple random sampling. A pretested and structured questionnaire adopted from literatures together with discussion guides was used. It mainly composed of utilization of Family Planning (FP), antenatal care (ANC), delivery care (DC), postnatal care (PNC) and immunization. Quantitative data was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16. We used frequency tables to describe model status. Odds Ratio (OR) was used to identify demarcations between MFs and NMFs. Finally, quantitative and qualitative findings was triangulated. Result: The study showed statistically significant key variations between MFs and NMFs over family size, knowledge of (ANC, delivery complications and PNC) and utilization of (FP and ANC visits). These variables were positively linked with being from MFs. For example, 114/201 (56.7%) current FP users, 120/222 (54.1%) any ANC visitors, and 56/82 (68.3%) repeated (>=4) ANC visitors were from MFs compared to NMFs (PV<0.001). However, mothers from MFs & NMFs had no variation on delivery, PNC & immunization utilization. Closure of health posts at work time, inaccessible institutional delivery service (for MFs) and perceived invulnerability to delivery complications (for NMFs) hampered the MCH behaviors. Conclusion: Though MFs and NMF were similar over some MCH service knowledge and utilization, they vary over FP and ANC. MFs can be advocate for enhancing adoption and diffusion of earlier stage MCH behaviors. However, beyond the control contexts hindered MFs from playing their role of modeling late stages MCH behaviors (DC/ PNC/immunization).Therefore, HEP designers and implementers shall work on system challenges and create separate models for those behaviors and assign new name.
Abstract: Background: Health Extension Program (HEP) was launched-innovative community health service since 2002 in Ethiopia. Since then, families were graduated as models for the HEP. Maternal and child Health (MCH) was one of the major packages in HEP. This study intended to compare model and non-model families (MFs and NMFs) on MCH behaviors. Method: Corr...
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Nitrite in Public Water-Supply Is a Health Hazard
Issue:
Volume 7, Issue 1, January 2019
Pages:
25-30
Received:
5 November 2018
Accepted:
22 November 2018
Published:
30 March 2019
Abstract: The cancer cells are different from normal human body cells. The scientists advocating the Somatic Mutation Theory guessed that cancer is caused when mutations have caused the Human Genome of the human body-cells to change into the Cancer Genomes of the cancer cells. There is no evidence, however, indicating that there has ever been such a change, or that cancer cells have ever been human body cells. There is no evidence that the difference has resulted from changes, or mutations. Also there is no reason to assume that mutations of the Human Genome would cause the cancer cells to grow and replicate out of control. Chinese medical scientists have found, during the last half-century, a wealth of evidence that some forms of cancer may have been caused by the nitrite pollution of the public water supply. China’s Deep Standardized Well Water (DSWW) Program of substituting nitrite-free deep groundwaters as the source of public water supply was partially successful. Local cancer-mortality rate was reduced by half at places where there is such a substitution. We found that cancer cells have inherited, not mutated, Cancer Genomes that encode uncontrolled growth and replication. In addition, PET scan studies have indicated that some cancer cells encode a metabolism of aerobic glycolysis under hypoxic conditions. Nitrite, as a reducing agent, could be the indispensable chemical in our food or drink intakes that could render the interior of cancer cells anaerobic. Nitrite, as an oxidation agent, could then be the substrate of the metabolic reaction anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox). A corollary of such a hypothesis is thus that cancer cells could be “starved” to death if there is no supply of nitrite to the cancer cells as a substrate of their metabolism. We recommend to the governments’ National Health Services to look into this matter that nitrite in public water is a health hazard.
Abstract: The cancer cells are different from normal human body cells. The scientists advocating the Somatic Mutation Theory guessed that cancer is caused when mutations have caused the Human Genome of the human body-cells to change into the Cancer Genomes of the cancer cells. There is no evidence, however, indicating that there has ever been such a change, ...
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